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*              USE OF THE RADIATIVE - CONVECTIVE ROUTINE CONRAD             *
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*                              18 October 1997                              *
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This program calculates the evolution of a single atmosphere-ocean column,
using the convection representation of Emanuel (JAS, 1991) and the
radiation code developed by Chou et al. (J. Clim., 1991).  It can find the
radiative-convective equilibrium states with specified large-scale vertical
velocity profiles, and with interactive or specified radiative transfer. With
interactive radiation, the lower boundary temperature can be either specified,
or calculated. In both cases the boundary is considered to be an ocean
surface, and in the case of interactive boundary temperature, the sea is
considered to be a mixed layer with a specified depth.

Please copy ALL the files in this directory to a single directory on your
PC! There are two versions of the program here: The full version, called
"CONRAD" and a version with simplified radiation. The simplifications of
the radaitive code were made by Adam Sobel.

To run the full program, type "runrc" at the MS-DOS prompt. To run the
simplified version, type "runrcsimp" at the MS-DOS prompt.  Either will bring
up a set of instructions. Upon striking any key, the input file "params.in"
appears, and you are in the DOS editor. You can now change the parameters 
that control the model integration. (Be careful not to change the alignment
of the characters.) Save the changes and exit. This will start the program,
and you should then see a plot with the surface air temperature as it
evolves in time. When the integration is finished, strike the return key,
and a menu of plots will appear. Choose a number corresponding to the plot
to display that plot. Typing "0" will end the program. 

The program reads two files: params.in and s.in. Both are ASCII
files that can be directly modified. The former contains most of the
modifiable parameters used by the model, while the latter contains the 
initial sounding, O3 content, sea surface temperature, and
profiles of vertical velocity and radiative cooling of the atmosphere. 
The output file, s.out, is identical in format to the input file
s.in, and can be used to restart the integration simply by changing
its name to s.in. The vertical resolution of the model is set by the
input file s.in; by adding more levels to this sounding, the resolution
can be increased.

The parameters specified in the file params.in are, for the most part, 
self-evident, and are described
briefly in the file. They control the radiation, albedo, latitude, etc.;
the vertical velocity profile, which may be arbitrarily specified in
the file s.in or calculated from an assumed cubic polynomial; the
various parameters associated with the convection scheme, the surface wind
speed used to calculate the surface fluxes, the fixed depth of the ocean
mixed layer, which controls the response time of the ocean, the pressure
level above which the sounding can be fixed at its initial state (useful
when specifying a mean subsidence profile), and parameters controlling
the time integration. 

If desired, the radiation can be averaged over either a day or a year. In
either case, the cosine of the solar zenith angle is averaged; this gives
an accurate average of the radiation reaching the surface, but an
inaccurate average of solar radiation absorbed in the atmosphere. Thus
there will be some small differences in the results of using the average
radiation.

Output is in the form of four files: s.out, whose format is the same
as s.in; error.out, which contains some error information, if
errors occur; and time.csv and profile.csv, which contain, respectively,
time series and vertical profiles. These are ASCII files, and the last two
are in "comma-separated" format, which can be read by a variety of
commercial graphics software packages. 

The first two plots on the menu are time series:
	1. Precipitation (blue) and evaporation (green), in mm/day, as a
	    function of time in days. (Note: Precipitation may not appear
	    to equal evaporation in equilibrium if a diurnal cycle
	    is included and precipitation and evaporation are plotted
	    at the same time every day.)
	2. Surface air temperature (blue) and sea surface temperature
	    (green), in degrees C, as a function of time in days. 

The following are produced from quantities averaged over a user-defined
period at the end of the integration:

	3. Contributions to the temperature tendency, in degrees C per day.
	    These are: Convective tendency (blue), radiative tendency
	    (green), surface fluxes and dry adiabatic adjustment 
	    (light blue) and large-scale vertical advection (red).
	4. The buoyancy of air lifted from the lowest grid point, 
	    in degrees C. (Only values greater than -4 are plotted.)
	5. The relative humidity.
	6. The moist static energy (blue) and saturated moist static
	    energy (green), both divided by heat capacity, in Kelvins.
	    (The magnitude of these quantities is not permitted to exceed
	     the value of the surface saturated moist static energy
	     in these graphs.)
	7. The net upward mass fluxes, in kilograms m^(-2) s^(-1) multi-
	    plied by 1000, due to all convective updrafts (blue), 
	    saturated (penetrative) downdrafts (green), and the
	    unsaturated downdraft (light blue). 
	8. The total entrainment (blue) and detrainment (green) of mass,
	    in kilograms m^(-2) s^(-1), by all saturated convective drafts.
	    This does not include the unsaturated downdraft.
	9. The net upward shortwave radiative flux (blue) and longwave
	    radiative flux (green), in W m^(-2).

  You may register as a user by sending an email message to
emanuel@texmex.mit.edu. This will enable you to receive updates.